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GAA for cognitive function

Admin September 17, 2026 Human Nutrition

Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) supplementation has been reported to increase brain creatine content more effectively than creatine monohydrate (CrM). However, the…

GAA vs creatine in sarcopenia

Admin September 14, 2026 Human Nutrition

Creatine supplementation can improve muscle outcomes in older adults, particularly when combined with resistance exercise; however, its efficacy without exercise…

Serum GAA in chronic hepatitis B

Admin September 07, 2026 Pathophysiology

Entecavir (ETV) combined with pegylated interferon alpha (PEG-IFNα) improves chronic hepatitis B (CHB) functional cure rates, but therapeutic heterogeneity and…

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Landmark studies on GAA before 1970s

Guanidinoacetic acid has been investigated for almost 90 years, with the pioneering studies on GAA metabolism and synthesis dates back to early 1930's. In this section, we have collected and chronologized the most prominent historic studies on GAA from leading journals in the field of science and medicine.

1962
- Biosynthesis of creatine by the kidney
  
  Nature, 1962;96:286–287.
  
  Gerber GB, Koszalka TR, Gerber G, Altman KI.
1956
- Glycocyamine and betaine in motor-neurone disease
  
  Lancet. 1956 Dec 1;271(6953):1136-8.
  
  Liversedge LA.
1955
- Performance and metabolic alterations during betaine glycocyamine feeding in myasthenia gravis
  
  Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1955 Apr;36(4):233-6.
  
  Billig HE Jr, Morehouse LE.
1953
- Betaine and glycocyamine in the treatment of poliomyelitis
  
  N Engl J Med. 1953 Apr 9;248(15):621-3.
  
  Watkins AL.
- Creatine and guanidoacetic acid metabolism in muscle disease
  
  Brain. 1953 Jun;76(2):299-310.
  
  Cumings JN.
- Metabolism of creatine and guanidoacetic acid in premature and full-term infants.
  
  AMA Am J Dis Child. 1953 Dec;86(6):752-66.
  
  Choen S, Frazier RG, Gordon HH.
1952
- Betaine and glycocyamine in the treatment of disability resulting from acute anterior poliomyelitis
  
  Ann West Med Surg. 1952 Jul;6(7):423-7.
  
  Borsook ME, Billig HK, Golseth JG.
- Effects of creatine precursors in arthritis; clinical and metabolic study of glycocyamine and betaine
  
  Calif Med. 1952 Jul;77(1):14-8.
  
  Higgins AR, Harper HA, Kline EF, Merrill RS, Jones RE, Smith TWD, Kimmel JR.
- Betaine and glycocyamine therapy for the chronic residuals of poliomyelitis
  
  J Am Med Assoc. 1952 Nov 1;150(9):851-3.
  
  Fallis BD, Lam RL.
1951
- The biochemical basis of betaine-glycocyamine therapy
  
  Ann West Med Surg. 1951 Oct;5(10):825-9.
  
  Borsook H, Borsook ME.
- Treatment of cardiac decompensation with betaine and glycocyamine
  
  Ann West Med Surg. 1951 Oct;5(10):830-55.
  
  Borsook ME, Borsook H.
- Use of betaine and glycocyamine in the treatment of patients with heart disease: preliminary report
  
  Ann West Med Surg. 1951 Oct;5(10):863-75.
  
  Graybiel A, Patterson CA.
1949
- Urinary glycocyamine, creatine and creatinine; their excretion by normal infants and children
  
  Am J Dis Child. 1949 Jun;77(6):740-5.
  
  Flood RG, Pinelli RW.
- Urinary glycocyamine, creatine and creatinine; their excretion in children with the nephrotic syndrome
  
  Am J Dis Child. 1949 Jul;78(1):67-71.
  
  Flood RG, Pinelli RW.
1947
- The determination of guanidoacetic acid and arginine in human urine and serum
  
  J Biol Chem. 1947 Mar;167(3):721-7.
  
  Hoberman HD.
1946
- The role of the liver in guanidoacetic acid metabolism in man
  
  Science. 1946;104(2713):619-20
  
  Hoberman HD, Lloyd CW, Williams RH.
- Glycocyamine elimination in patients with myasthenia gravis
  
  J Lab Clin Med. 1946 Nov;31(11):1174-8.
  
  Torda C, Wolff HG.
1945
- The synthesis, storage, and excretion of creatine, creatinine, and glycocyamine in progressive muscular dystrophy and the effects of certain hormones on these processes
  
  J Exp Med. 1945 May 1;81(5):423-38.
  
  Hoagland CL, Gilder H, Shank RE.
1941
- The formation of glycocyamine in man and its urinary excretion
  
  J Biol. Chem. 1941;138:405-410.
  
  Borsook H, Dubnoff JW, Lilly JC, Marriott W.
1938
- The metabolism of creatine: the role of glycocyamine in creatine synthesis
  
  Biochem J. 1938;32(2):262-70.
  
  Davenport HW, Fisher RB, Wilhelmi AE.
1934
- Isolation of glycocyamine from urine
  
  Proc Soc Exp Biol Med; 1934;32(1)172-174
  
  Weber CJ.

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Landmark studies on GAA before 1970s