• Research Articles

    Brings forth the most in-depth body of knowledge relating to guanidinoacetic acid metabolism, pathophysiology and nutritional supplementation

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  • Review Articles

    Summarizing recent progress in guanidinoacetic acid research, from its role in neuromuscular diseases to GAA shortfall in clinical medicine

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Food GAA and methylation

Food GAA and methylation

Several preliminary studies suggest dietary guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) might impact methyl group availability and/or methylation biomarkers, fueling ongoing debates.…

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GAA for growth in calves fed milk replacer

GAA for growth in calves fed milk replacer

Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is the direct precursor to creatine, which serves as an energy reserve mechanism in the body.…

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Creatine-GAA safety in humans

Creatine-GAA safety in humans

A post-marketing surveillance study assessed the adverse events and possible risk of elevated homocysteine levels after the supplementation with…

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GAA, arginine and ascites risk

GAA, arginine and ascites risk

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of arginine (ARG) or guanidinoacetic acid…

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About GAA Science

GAA-science.com is an educational portal established to collect, classify and present the scientific studies on guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) in one place. The papers are collected from peer-reviewed academic journals and publications, and relevant scientific events.

Our mission is to collect unbiased data and provide current best evidence in making decisions about the use of GAA in health and disease.

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GAA and Insulin Secretion

Physiological roles of GAA

GAA could affect many aspects of human metabolism, including cellular bioenergetics, neuromodulation, or oxidant-antioxidant status.

Latest events

23rd European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition (ESPN 2023)

CCDS Virtual Conference

6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition

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250 +
JOURNAL ARTICLES
30 +
HUMAN TRIALS
10 +
Papers in 2024

GAA Fundamentals

Guanidinoacetic acid (also known as glycocyamine or betacyamine) is a normal constituent of human blood, urine, and breast milk.

Being a natural amino acid derivative and a metabolite in the urea cycle, GAA also appears as an intermediate in metabolic pathways of several amino acids, including glycine, serine and arginine. GAA is direct precursor of creatine, a key substrate for cellular energy.

  • CAS Registry # 362-97-6
  • PubChem CID 763
  • Chemical formula C3H7N3O2
  • Molar mass 117.1 g/mol

The natural daily turnover of GAA is balanced between endogenous production and kidney excretion; only a minimal amount of GAA is available from food sources (e.g. 10 mg of GAA per kg of meat).

PubChem Summary

Age related reference values for urine creatine and GAA in children

Carla Valongo, Maria Luís Cardoso, Pedro Domingues, et al.

Creatine and GAA transport at blood-brain and and blood‐CSF barriers

Olivier Braissant

Tackling guanidinoacetic acid for advanced cellular bioenergetics

Sergej M Ostojic

Creatine and guanidinoacetate content of human milk and infant formulas

Erica E Edison, Margaret E Brosnan, Khalid Aziz, John T Brosnan

Dr. Sergej Ostojic

GAA-science.com was created and administered by a research group headed by Sergej M. Ostojic, MD, PhD, Professor of Nutrition at the University of Agder and the University of Novi Sad, who has been involved in GAA research for over a decade.

  1. December 2011

    ClinicalTrials.gov

    First clinical trial with GAA
  2. January 2007

    Evonik

    First application of GAA as feed additive
  3. October 1951

    CalTech

    First documented application of GAA in human nutrition
  4. April 1935

    University of Kansas

    GAA isolated from human urine

Golden Legacy Articles

Betaine and GAA for chronic residuals of poliomyelitis
JAMA. 1952;150(9):851-3
Betaine and glyocyamine in treatment of poliomyelitis
N Engl J Med. 1953;248(15):621-3.
Creatine and GAA metabolism in muscle disease
Brain. 1953;76(2):299-310.
Glycocyamine and betaine in motor-neurone disease
Lancet. 1956;271(6953):1136-8
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